Calling conventions refers to the specifications that the two functions should follow when one function calls another function. For example, how to pass parameters and a return value between them. Calling conventions are part of the application binary interface (ABI).
When compiling source files into executable files, GCC compiles source files into object files. Then, the linker links the object files into a executable file with a linker script.
After the x86 PC boots, it will be in real mode. At this time, we can access memory below 1 MB. However, the BIOS also uses some memory. Therefore, we must know which areas the BIOS occupies in order to avoid them.
Makefile is the most commonly used compilation tool in Linux. Stuart Feldman created it at Bell Labs in 1967. Although it may be older than you and me, it is still active nowadays.